318-05CD
318-05 and PCA Notes on CD-ROM
2006
$205.50

318-05 and PCA Notes on 318-05 are linked and indexed allowing Adobe Acrobat Reader to search, find, and print information.

318-05

The code portion of this document covers the design and construction of structural concrete used in buildings and where applicable in nonbuilding structures.

Among the subjects covered are: drawings and specifications; inspection; materials; durability requirements; concrete quality, mixing and placing; formwork; embedded pipes; construction joints; reinforcement details; analysis and design; strength and serviceability; flexural and axial loads; shear and torsion; development and splices of reinforcement; slab systems; walls; footings; precast concrete; composite flexural members; prestressed concrete; shells and folded plate members; strength evaluation of existing structures; special provisions for seismic design; structural plain concrete; strut-and-tie modeling in Appendix A; alternative design provisions in Appendix B; alternative load and strength-reduction factors in Appendix C; and anchoring to concrete in Appendix D.

The quality and testing of materials used in construction are covered by reference to the appropriate ASTM standard specifications. Welding of reinforcement is covered by reference to the appropriate ANSI/AWS standard.

Uses of the code include adoption by reference in general building codes, and earlier editions have been widely used in this manner. The code is written in a format that allows such reference without change to its language. Therefore, background details or suggestions for carrying out the requirements or intent of the code portion cannot be included. The commentary is provided for this purpose. Some of the considerations of the committee in developing the code portion are discussed within the commentary, with emphasis given to the explanation of new or revised provisions. Much of the research data referenced in preparing the code is cited for the user desiring to study individual questions in greater detail. Other documents that provide suggestions for carrying out the requirements of the code are also cited.

Keywords: admixtures; aggregates; anchorage (structural); beam-column frame; beams (supports); building codes; cements; cold weather construction; columns (supports); combined stress; composite construction (concrete and steel); composite construction (concrete to concrete); compressive strength; concrete construction; concretes; concrete slabs; construction joints; continuity (structural); contraction joints; cover; curing; deep beams; deflections; drawings; earth-quake resistant structures; embedded service ducts; flexural strength; floors; folded plates; footings; formwork (construction); frames; hot weather construction; inspection; isolation joints; joints (junctions); joists; lightweight concretes; loads (forces); load tests (structural); materials; mixing; mix proportioning; modulus of elasticity; moments; pipe columns; pipes (tubing); placing; plain concrete; precast concrete; prestressed concrete; prestressing steels; quality control; reinforced concrete; reinforcing steels; roofs; serviceability; shear strength; shearwalls; shells (structural forms); spans; specifications; splicing; strength; strength analysis; stresses; structural analysis; structural concrete; structural design; structural integrity; T-beams; torsion; walls; water; welded wire reinforcement.

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PCA Notes on 318

Editors: M.E. Kamara and B.G. Rabbat

This ninth edition of PCA Notes has been updated to reflect code changes introduced in the latest version of Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-05) and Commentary (318R-05). The 34 chapters of PCA Notes incorporate the new notation and terminology. An alternative torsion design method is presented. Enhanced provisions for the design of anchors are described, and their application illustrated through several examples. Each chapter of PCA Notes starts with a description of the latest code changes. Emphasis is placed on "how to use" the code. Numerous design examples illustrate application of the code provisions. The primary purpose of the PCA Notes is to assist the engineer and architect in the proper application of the ACI 318-05 design standard. This publication is also a valuable aid for educators, undergraduate and graduate students, contractors, materials and product manufacturers, building code authorities, and inspectors.

Contents: CODE

******

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

1.1—Scope

1.2—Drawings and specifications

1.3—Inspection

1.4—Approval of special systems of design or construction

CHAPTER 2—NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS

2.1—Notation

2.2—Definitions

CHAPTER 3—MATERIALS

3.1—Tests of materials

3.2—Cements

3.3—Aggregates

3.4—Water

3.5—Steel reinforcement

3.6—Admixtures

3.7—Storage of materials

3.8—Referenced standards

CHAPTER 4—DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS

4.1—Water-cementitious material ratio

4.2—Freezing and thawing exposures

4.3—Sulfate exposures

4.4—Corrosion protection of reinforcement

CHAPTER 5—CONCRETE QUALITY, MIXING, AND PLACING

5.1—General

5.2—Selection of concrete proportions

5.3—Proportioning on the basis of field experience or trial mixtures, or both

5.4—Proportioning without field experience or trial mixtures

5.5—Average strength reduction

5.6—Evaluation and acceptance of concrete

5.7—Preparation of equipment and place of deposit

5.8—Mixing

5.9—Conveying

5.10—Depositing

5.11—Curing

5.12—Cold weather requirements

5.13—Hot weather requirements

CHAPTER 6—FORMWORK, EMBEDDED PIPES, AND CONSTRUCTION JOINTS

6.1—Design of formwork

6.2—Removal of forms, shores, and reshoring

6.3—Conduits and pipes embedded in concrete

6.4—Construction joints

CHAPTER 7—DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT

7.1—Standard hooks

7.2—Minimum bend diameters

7.3—Bending

7.4—Surface conditions of reinforcement

7.5—Placing reinforcement

7.6—Spacing limits for reinforcement

7.7—Concrete protection for reinforcement

7.8—Special reinforcement details for columns

7.9—Connections

7.10—Lateral reinforcement for compression members

7.11—Lateral reinforcement for flexural members

7.12—Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement

7.13—Requirements for structural integrity

CHAPTER 8—ANALYSIS AND DESIGN—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

8.1—Design methods

8.2—Loading

8.3—Methods of analysis

8.4—Redistribution of negative moments in continuous flexural members

8.5—Modulus of elasticity

8.6—Stiffness

8.7—Span length

8.8—Columns

8.9—Arrangement of live load

8.10—T-beam construction

8.11—Joist construction

8.12—Separate floor finish

CHAPTER 9—STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS

9.1—General

9.2—Required strength

9.3—Design strength

9.4—Design strength for reinforcemen

9.5—Control of deflections

CHAPTER 10—FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS

10.1—Scope

10.2—Design assumptions

10.3—General principles and requirements

10.4—Distance between lateral supports of flexural members

10.5—Minimum reinforcement of flexural members

10.6—Distribution of flexural reinforcement in beams and one-way slabs

10.7—Deep beams

10.8—Design dimensions for compression members

10.9—Limits for reinforcement of compression members

10.10—Slenderness effects in compression members

10.11—Magnified moments—General 131

10.12—Magnified moments—Nonsway frames

10.13—Magnified moments—Sway frames

10.14—Axially loaded members supporting slab system

10.15—Transmission of column loads through floor system

10.16—Composite compression members

10.17—Bearing strength

CHAPTER 11—SHEAR AND TORSION

11.1—Shear strength

11.2—Lightweight concrete

11.3—Shear strength provided by concrete for nonprestressed members

11.4—Shear strength provided by concrete for prestressed members

11.5—Shear strength provided by shear reinforcement

11.6—Design for torsion

11.7—Shear-friction

11.8—Deep beams

11.9—Special provisions for brackets and corbels

11.10—Special provisions for walls

11.11—Transfer of moments to columns

11.12—Special provisions for slabs and footings

CHAPTER 12—DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICES OF REINFORCEMENT

12.1—Development of reinforcement—General

12.2—Development of deformed bars and deformed wire in tension

12.3—Development of deformed bars and deformed wire in compression

12.4—Development of bundled bars

12.5—Development of standard hooks in tension

12.6—Mechanical anchorage

12.7—Development of welded deformed wire reinforcement in tension

12.8—Development of welded plain wire reinforcement in tension

12.9—Development of prestressing strand

12.10—Development of flexural reinforcement—General

12.11—Development of positive moment reinforcement

12.12—Development of negative moment reinforcement

12.13—Development of web reinforcement

12.14—Splices of reinforcement—General

12.15—Splices of deformed bars and deformed wire in tension

12.16—Splices of deformed bars in compression

12.17—Special splice requirements for columns

12.18—Splices of welded deformed wire reinforcement in tension

12.19—Splices of welded plain wire reinforcement in tension

CHAPTER 13—TWO-WAY SLAB SYSTEMS

13.1—Scope

13.2—Definitions

13.3—Slab reinforcement

13.4—Openings in slab systems

13.5—Design procedures

13.6—Direct design method

13.7—Equivalent frame method

CHAPTER 14—WALLS

14.1—Scope

14.2—General

14.3—Minimum reinforcement

14.4—Walls designed as compression members

14.5—Empirical design method

14.6—Nonbearing walls

14.7—Walls as grade beams

14.8—Alternative design of slender walls

CHAPTER 15—FOOTINGS

15.1—Scope

15.2—Loads and reactions

15.3—Footings supporting circular or regular polygon shaped columns or pedestals

15.4—Moment in footings

15.5—Shear in footings

15.6—Development of reinforcement in footings

15.7—Minimum footing depth

15.8—Transfer of force at base of column, wall, or reinforced pedestal

15.9—Sloped or stepped footings

15.10—Combined footings and mats

CHAPTER 16—PRECAST CONCRETE

16.1—Scope

16.2—General

16.3—Distribution of forces among members

16.4—Member design

16.5—Structural integrity

16.6—Connection and bearing design

16.7—Items embedded after concrete placement

16.8—Marking and identification

16.9—Handling

16.10—Strength evaluation of precast construction

CHAPTER 17—COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS

17.1—Scope

17.2—General

17.3—Shoring

17.4—Vertical shear strength

17.5—Horizontal shear strength

17.6—Ties for horizontal shear

CHAPTER 18—PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

18.1—Scope

18.2—General

18.3—Design assumptions

18.4—Serviceability requirements—Flexural members

18.5—Permissible stresses in prestressing steel

18.6—Loss of prestress

18.7—Flexural strength

18.8—Limits for reinforcement of flexural members

18.9—Minimum bonded reinforcement

18.10—Statically indeterminate structures

18.11—Compression members—Combined flexure and axial loads

18.12—Slab systems

18.13—Post-tensioned tendon anchorage zones

18.14—Design of anchorage zones for monostrand or single 5/8 in. diameter bar tendons

18.15—Design of anchorage zones for multistrand tendons

18.16—Corrosion protection for unbonded tendons

18.17—Post-tensioning ducts

18.18—Grout for bonded tendons

18.19—Protection for prestressing steel

18.20—Application and measurement of prestressing force

18.21—Post-tensioning anchorages and couplers

18.22—External post-tensioning

CHAPTER 19—SHELLS AND FOLDED PLATE MEMBERS

19.1—Scope and definitions

19.2—Analysis and design

19.3—Design strength of materials

19.4—Shell reinforcement

19.5—Construction

CHAPTER 20—STRENGTH EVALUATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES

20.1—Strength evaluation—General

20.2—Determination of required dimensions and material properties

20.3—Load test procedure

20.4—Loading criteria

20.5—Acceptance criteria

20.6—Provision for lower load rating

20.7—Safety

CHAPTER 21—SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR SEISMIC DESIGN

21.1—Definitions

ACI 318 Building Code and Commentary

21.2—General requirements

21.3—Flexural members of special moment frames

21.4—Special moment frame members subjected to bending and axial load

21.5—Joints of special moment frames

21.6—Special moment frames constructed using precast concrete

21.7—Special reinforced concrete structural walls and coupling beams

21.8—Special structural walls constructed using precast concrete

21.9—Special diaphragms and trusse 330

21.10—Foundations

21.11—Members not designated as part of the lateral-force-resisting system

21.12—Requirements for intermediate moment frames

21.13—Intermediate precast structural walls

CHAPTER 22—STRUCTURAL PLAIN CONCRETE

22.1—Scope

22.2—Limitations

22.3—Joints

22.4—Design method

22.5—Strength design

22.6—Walls

22.7—Footings

22.8—Pedestals

22.9—Precast members

22.10—Plain concrete in earthquake-resisting structures

APPENDIX A—STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS

A.1—Definitions

A.2—Strut-and-tie model design procedure

A.3—Strength of struts

A.4—Strength of ties

A.5—Strength of nodal zones

APPENDIX B—ALTERNATIVE PROVISIONS FOR REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED

CONCRETE FLEXURAL AND COMPRESSION MEMBERS

B.1—Scope

APPENDIX C—ALTERNATIVE LOAD AND STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS

C.1—General

C.2—Required strength

C.3—Design strength

APPENDIX D—ANCHORING TO CONCRETE

D.1—Definitions

D.2—Scope

D.3—General requirements

D.4—General requirements for strength of anchors

D.5—Design requirements for tensile loading

D.6—Design requirements for shear loading

D.7—Interaction of tensile and shear forces

D.8—Required edge distances, spacings, and thicknesses to preclude splitting failure

D.9—Installation of anchors

APPENDIX E—STEEL REINFORCEMENT INFORMATION

COMMENTARY REFERENCES

INDEX

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PCA NOTES

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Contents

1 General Requirements

1.1 SCOPE

1.1.6 Soil-Supported Slabs

1.1.8 Special Provisions for Earthquake Resistance

1.2 DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS.

1.2.1 Items Required to be Shown.

1.3 INSPECTION

1.3.4 Records of Inspection

1.3.5 Special Inspections

REFERENCES

2 Materials, Concrete Quality

3—MATERIALS

UPDATE FOR THE ’05 CODE

3.1 TESTS OF MATERIALS

3.2 CEMENTS

3.3 AGGREGATES

3.4 WATER

3.5 STEEL REINFORCEMENT

3.5.2 Welding of Reinforcement

3.5.3 Deformed Reinforcement

3.6 ADMIXTURES

3.6.9 Silica Fume

4—DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

4.1 WATER-CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS RATIO

4.2 FREEZING AND THAWING EXPOSURES

4.2.3 Concrete Exposed to Deicing Chemicals

4.3 SULFATE EXPOSURES

4.4 CORROSION PROTECTION OF REINFORCEMENT

5—CONCRETE QUALITY, MIXING, AND PLACING

UPDATE FOR THE ’05 CODE

5.1.1 Concrete Proportions for Strength

5.1.3 Test Age for Strength of Concrete

5.2 SELECTION OF CONCRETE PROPORTIONS

5.3 PROPORTIONING ON THE BASIS OF FIELD EXPERIENCE

AND/OR TRIAL MIXTURES

5.3.1 Sample Standard Deviation

5.3.2 Required Average Strength

5.3.3 Documentation of Average Compressive Strength

5.4 PROPORTIONING WITHOUT FIELD EXPERIENCE OR TRIAL MIXTURES

5.6 EVALUATION AND ACCEPTANCE OF CONCRETE

5.6.1 Laboratory and Field Technicians

5.6.2 Frequency of Testing

5.6.5 Investigation of Low-Strength Test ResultsREFERENCES

Example 2.1—Selection of Water-Cementitious Materials Ratio for

Strength and Durability

Example 2.2—Strength Test Data Report

Example 2.3—Selection of Concrete Proportions by Trial Mixtures

Example 2.4—Frequency of Testing

Example 2.5—Frequency of Testing

Example 2.6—Acceptance of Concrete

Example 2.7—Acceptance of Concrete

3 Details of Reinforcement

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

7.1 STANDARD HOOKS

7.2 MINIMUM BEND DIAMETERS

7.3 BENDING

7.3.2 Field Bending of Reinforcing Bars

7.5 PLACING REINFORCEMENT

7.5.1 Support for Reinforcement

7.5.2 Tolerances in Placing Reinforcement

7.5.4 “Tack” Welding

7.6 SPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT

7.6.6 Bundled Bars

7.6.7 Prestressing Steel and Ducts

7.7 CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT

7.8 SPECIAL REINFORCEMENT DETAILS FOR COLUMNS

7.9 CONNECTIONS

7.10 LATERAL REINFORCEMENT FOR COMPRESSION MEMBERS

7.10.4 Spirals

7.10.5 Ties

7.11 LATERAL REINFORCEMENT FOR FLEXURAL MEMBERS

7.11.3 Closed Ties or Stirrups

7.12 SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT

7.13 REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY

7.13.1 General Structural Integrity

7.13.2 Cast-in-Place Joists and Beams

7.13.3 Precast Concrete Construction

7.13.4 Lift-Slab Construction

REFERENCES

Example 3.1—Placing Tolerance for Rebars

4 Development and Splices of Reinforcement

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

12.1 DEVELOPMENT OF REINFORCEMENT—GENERAL

12.2 DEVELOPMENT OF DEFORMED BARS AND DEFORMED WIRE IN TENSION

12.2.5 Excess Reinforcement

COMPRESSION

12.4 DEVELOPMENT OF BUNDLED BARS

12.5 DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD HOOKS IN TENSION

12.5.2 Development Length

12.5.3 Modification Factors

12.5.4 Standard Hook at Discontinuous Ends

12.6 MECHANICAL ANCHORAGE

12.7 DEVELOPMENT OF WELDED DEFORMED WIRE REINFORCEMENT IN TENSION

12.8 DEVELOPMENT OF WELDED PLAIN WIRE REINFORCEMENT IN TENSION

12.9 DEVELOPMENT OF PRESTRESSING STRAND

12.10 DEVELOPMENT OF FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT—GENERAL

12.11 DEVELOPMENT OF POSITIVE MOMENT REINFORCEMENT

12.12 DEVELOPMENT OF NEGATIVE MOMENT REINFORCEMENT

12.13 DEVELOPMENT OF WEB REINFORCEMENT

12.13.4 Anchorage for Bent-Up Bars

12.13.5 Closed Stirrups or Ties

12.14 SPLICES OF REINFORCEMENT—GENERAL.

12.14.2 Lap Splices .

12.14.3 Mechanical and Welded Splices

12.15 SPLICES OF DEFORMED BARS AND DEFORMED WIRE IN TENSION

12.16 SPLICES OF DEFORMED BARS IN COMPRESSION

12.16.1 Compression Lap Splices

12.16.4 End-Bearing Splices

12.17 SPECIAL SPLICE REQUIREMENTS FOR COLUMNS

12.17.2 Lap Splices in Columns

12.17.3 Mechanical or Welded Splices in Columns

12.17.4 End Bearing Splices in Columns

12.18 SPLICES OF WELDED DEFORMED WIRE REINFORCEMENT IN TENSION

12.19 SPLICES OF WELDED PLAIN WIRE REINFORCEMENT IN TENSION

CLOSING REMARKS

REFERENCES

Example 4.1—Development of Bars in Tension

Example 4.2—Development of Bars in Tension

Example 4.3—Development of Bars in Tension

Example 4.4—Development of Flexural Reinforcement

Example 4.5—Lap Splices in Tension

Example 4.6—Lap Splices in Compression

Example 4.7—Lap Splices in Columns

5 Design Methods and Strength Requirements

UPDATE FOR THE ’05 CODE.

8.1 DESIGN METHODS

8.1.1 Strength Design Method

8.1.2 Unified Design Provisions

9.1 STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY—GENERAL

9.1.1 Strength Requirements

9.1.2 Serviceability Requirements

9.1.3 Appendix C

9.2 REQUIRED STRENGTH

9.3 DESIGN STRENGTH

9.3.1 Nominal Strength vs. Design Strength

9.3.2 Strength Reduction Factors

9.3.3 Development Lengths for Reinforcement

9.3.5 Structural Plain Concrete

9.4 DESIGN STRENGTH FOR REINFORCEMENT

REFERENCES

6 General Principles of Strength Design

UPDATE FOR THE ’05 CODE

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

INTRODUCTION TO UNIFIED DESIGN PROVISIONS

10.2 DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS

10.2.1 Equilibrium of Forces and Compatibility of Strains

10.2.2 Design Assumption #1

10.2.3 Design Assumption #2

10.2.4 Design Assumption #3

10.2.5 Design Assumption #4

10.2.6 Design Assumption #5

10.2.7 Design Assumption #6

10.3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND REQUIREMENTS

10.3.1 Nominal Flexural Strength

10.3.2 Balanced Strain Condition

10.3.3 Compression-Controlled Sections

10.3.4 Tension-Controlled Sections and Transition

10.3.5 Maximum Reinforcement for Flexural Members

10.3.6 Maximum Axial Strength

10.3.7 Nominal Strength for Combined Flexure and Axial Load

10.5 MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

10.15 TRANSMISSION OF COLUMN LOADS THROUGH FLOOR SYSTEM

10.17 BEARING STRENGTH ON CONCRETE

REFERENCES

Example 6.1—Moment Strength Using Equivalent Rectangular Stress Distribution

Example 6.2—Design of Beam with Compression Reinforcement

Example 6.3—Maximum Axial Load Strength vs. Minimum Eccentricity

Example 6.4—Load-Moment Strength, Pn and Mn , for Given Strain Conditions

7 Design for Flexure and Axial Load

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS—FLEXURE

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR SECTIONS WITH TENSION REINFORCEMENTS ONLY

DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SECTIONS WITH TENSION REINFORCEMENT ONLY

DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SECTIONS WITH MULTIPLE LAYERS OF STEEL

DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR RECTANGULAR SECTIONS WITH COMPRESSION

REINFORCEMENT (see Part 6)

DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR FLANGED SECTIONS WITH TENSION

REINFORCEMENT (see Part 6)

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS – FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOAD

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS – BIAXIAL LOADING

BIAXIAL INTERACTION STRENGTH

FAILURE SURFACES

A. Bresler Reciprocal Load Method

B. Bresler Load Contour Method

C. PCA Load Contour Method

MANUAL DESIGN PROCEDURE

REFERENCES

Example 7.1—Design of Rectangular Beam with Tension Reinforcement Only

Example 7.2—Design of One-Way Solid Slab

Example 7.3—Design of Rectangular Beam with Compression Reinforcement

Example 7.4—Design of Flanged Section with Tension Reinforcement Only

Example 7.5—Design of Flanged Section with Tension Reinforcement Only

Example 7.6—Design of One-Way Joist

Example 7.7—Design of Continuous Beams

Example 7.8—Design of a Square Column for Biaxial Loading

8 Redistribution of Negative Moments in Continuous Flexural Members

UPDATE FOR THE ’05 CODE

BACKGROUND

8.4 REDISTRIBUTION OF NEGATIVE MOMENTS IN CONTINUOUS

FLEXURAL MEMBERS

REFERENCE

Example 8.1—Moment Redistribution

Example 8.2—Moment Redistribution

9 Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement

UPDATE FOR THE ’05 CODE

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

10.6 BEAMS AND ONE-WAY SLABS

10.6.4 Distribution of Tension Reinforcement

10.6.5 Corrosive Environments

10.6.6 Distribution of Tension Reinforcement in Flanges of T-Beams

10.6.7 Crack Control Reinforcement in Deep Flexural Members

13.4 TWO-WAY SLABS

REFERENCES

Example 9.1—Distribution of Reinforcement for Effective Crack Control

Example 9.2—Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement in Deep Flexural Member

with Flanges

10 Deflections

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

9.5 CONTROL OF DEFLECTIONS

ACI 318 Method

Alternate Method

9.5.3 Two-Way Construction (Nonprestressed)

9.5.4 Prestressed Concrete Construction

9.5.5 Composite Construction

REFERENCES

Example 10.1—Simple-Span Nonprestressed Rectangular Beam

Example 10.2—Continuous Nonprestressed T-Beam

Example 10.3—Slab System Without Beams (Flat Plate)

Example 10.4—Two-Way Beam Supported Slab System

Example 10.5—Simple-Span Prestressed Single T-Beam

Example 10.6—Unshored Nonprestressed Composite Beam

Example 10.7—Shored Nonprestressed Composite Beam

11 Design for Slenderness Effects

UPDATE FOR THE ’05 CODE

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

CONSIDERATION OF SLENDERNESS EFFECTS

10.10 SLENDERNESS EFFECTS IN COMPRESSION MEMBERS

10.10.1 Second-Order Frame Analysis

10.11 APPROXIMATE EVALUATION OF SLENDERNESS EFFECTS

10.11.1 Section Properties for Frame Analysis

10.11.2 Radius of Gyration

10.11.3, 10.12.1 Unsupported and Effective Lengths of Compression Members

10.11.4 Non-Sway Versus Sway Frames

10.11.6 Moment Magnifier d for Biaxial Bending

10.12.2, 10.13.2 Consideration of Slenderness Effects

10.12.3 Moment Magnification—Nonsway Frames

10.13.3 Moment Magnification—Sway Frames

10.13.4 Calculation of ? s M s

10.13.5 Location of Maximum Moment

10.13.6 Structural Stability Under Gravity Loads

10.13.7 Moment Magnification for Flexural Members

SUMMARY OF DESIGN EQUATIONS

REFERENCES

Example 11.1—Slenderness Effects for Columns in a Nonsway Frame

Example 11.2—Slenderness Effects for Columns in a Sway Frame

12 Shear

UPDATE FOR THE ’05 CODE

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

11.1 SHEAR STRENGTH

11.1.2 Limit on c f

11.1.3 Computation of Maximum Factored Shear Force

11.2 LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE

11.3 SHEAR STRENGTH PROVIDED BY CONCRETE FOR

NONPRESTRESSED MEMBERS

11.5 SHEAR STRENGTH PROVIDED BY SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

11.5.1 Types of Shear Reinforcement

11.5.4 Anchorage Details for Shear Reinforcement

11.5.5 Spacing Limits for Shear Reinforcement

11.5.6 Minimum Shear Reinforcement

11.5.7 Design of Shear Reinforcement

Design Procedure for Shear Reinforcement

17—COMPOSITE CONRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS

17.4 VERTICAL SHEAR STRENGTH

17.5 HORIZONTAL SHEAR STRENGTH

17.6 TIES FOR HORIZONTAL SHEAR

REFERENCES

Example 12.1—Design for Shear - Members Subject to Shear and Flexure Only

Example 12.2—Design for Shear - with Axial Tension

Example 12.3—Design for Shear - with Axial Compression

Example 12.4—Design for Shear - Concrete Floor Joist

Eample 12.5—Design for Shear - Shear Strength at Web Openings

Example 12.6—Design for Horizontal Shear

13 Torsion

UPDATE FOR THE ’05 CODE

BACKGROUND

11.6.1 Threshold Torsion

11.6.2 Equilibrium and Compatibility - Factored Torsional Moment Tu

11.6.3 Torsional Moment Strength

11.6.4 Details of Torsional Reinforcement

11.6.5 Minimum Torsion Reinforcement

11.6.6 Spacing of Torsion Reinforcement

11.6.7 Alternative Design for Torsion

ZIA-HSU ALTERNATIVE DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR TORSION

REFERENCES

Example 13.1—Precast Spandrel Beam Design for Combined Shear and Torsion

14 Shear Friction

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

11.7 SHEAR-FRICTION

11.7.1 Applications

11.7.3 Shear-Transfer Design Methods

11.7.4 Shear-Friction Design Method

11.7.5 Maximum Shear-Transfer Strength

11.7.7 Normal Forces

11.7.8 — 11.7.10 Additional Requirements

DESIGN EXAMPLES

Example 14.1—Shear-Friction Design

Example 14.2—Shear-Friction Design (Inclined Shear Plane)

15 Brackets, Corbels and Beam Ledges

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

11.9 LIMITATIONS OF BRACKET AND CORBEL PROVISIONS

11.9.1 - 11.9.5 Design Provisions

BEAM LEDGES

11.9.6 Development and Anchorage of Reinforcement

REFERENCES

Example 15.1—Corbel Design

Example 15.2—Corbel Design…Using Lightweight Concrete and Modified

Shear-Friction Method

Example 15.3—Beam Ledge Design

16 Shear in Slabs

UPDATE FOR THE ’05 CODE

11.12 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR SLABS AND FOOTINGS

11.12.1 Critical Shear Section

11.12.2 Shear Strength Requirement for Two-Way Action

11.12.3 Shear Strength Provided by Bars, Wires, and Single or Multiple-Leg Stirrups

11.12.4 Shear Strength Provided by Shearheads

Other Type of Shear Reinforcement

11.12.5 Effect of Openings in Slabs on Shear Strength

11.12.6 Moment Transfer at Slab-Column Connections

REFERENCES

Example 16.1—Shear Strength of Slab at Column Support

Example 16.2—Shear Strength for Non-Rectangular Support

Example 16.3—Shear Strength of Slab with Shear Reinforcement

Example 16.4—Shear Strength of Slab with Transfer of Moment

17 Strut-And-Tie Models

GENERAL

A.1 DEFINITIONS

A.2 STRUT-AND-TIE MODEL DESIGN PROCEDURE

A.3 STRENGTH OF STRUTS

A.4 STRENGTH OF TIES

A.5 STRENGTH OF NODAL ZONES

REFERENCES

Example 17.1—Design of Deep Flexural Member by the

Strut-and-Tie Model

Example 17.2—Design of Column Corbel

18 Two-Way Slab Systems

UPDATE FOR THE ’05 CODE

13.1 SCOPE

13.1.4 Deflection Control—Minimum Slab Thickness

13.2 DEFINITIONS

13.2.1 Design Strip

13.2.4 Effective Beam Section

13.3 SLAB REINFORCEMENT

13.4 OPENINGS IN SLAB SYSTEMS

13.5 DESIGN PROCEDURES

13.5.4 Shear in Two-Way Slab Systems

13.5.3 Transfer of Moment in Slab-Column Connections

SEQUEL

19 Two-Way Slabs — Direct Design Method.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

PRELIMINARY DESIGN

13.6.1 Limitations

13.6.2 Total Factored Static Moment for a Span

13.6.3 Negative and Positive Factored Moments

13.6.4 Factored Moments in Column Strips

13.6.5 Factored Moments in Beams

13.6.6 Factored Moments in Middle Strips

13.6.9 Factored Moments in Columns and Walls

DESIGN AID — DIRECT DESIGN MOMENT COEFFICIENTS

Example 19.1—Two-Way Slab without Beams Analyzed by the Direct Design Method

Example 19.2—Two-Way Slab with Beams Analyzed by the Direct Design Method

20 Two-Way Slabs — Equivalent Frame Method

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS .

PRELIMINARY DESIGN .

13.7.2 Equivalent Frame .

13.7.3 Slab-Beams

13.7.4 Columns

13.7.5 Torsional Members

Equivalent Columns (R13.7.4)

13.7.6 Arrangement of Live Load

13.7.7 Factored Moments

Appendix 20A DESIGN AIDS FOR MOMENT DISTRIBUTION CONSTANTS

Example 20.1—Two-Way Slab Without Beams Analyzed by Equivalent Frame Method

Example 20.2—Two-Way Slab with Beams Analyzed by Equivalent Frame Method

21 Walls

UPDATE FOR THE ’05 CODE

14.1 SCOPE

14.2 GENERAL

14.3 MINIMUM WALL REINFORCEMENT

14.4 WALLS DESIGNED AS COMPRESSION MEMBERS

14.5 EMPIRICAL DESIGN METHOD

14.8 ALTERNATE DESIGN OF SLENDER WALLS

11.10 SPECIAL SHEAR PROVISIONS FOR WALLS

DESIGN SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Example 21.1—Design of Tilt-up Wall Panel by Chapter 10 (14.4) .

Example 21.2—Design of Bearing Wall by Empirical Design Method (14.5)

Example 21.3—Design of Precast Panel by the Alternate Design Method (14.8)

Example 21.4—Shear Design of Wall

22 Footings

UPDATE FOR THE ’05 CODE

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

15.2 LOADS AND REACTIONS

15.4 MOMENT IN FOOTINGS

15.5 SHEAR IN FOOTINGS

15.8 TRANSFER OF FORCE AT BASE OF COLUMN, WALL, OR REINFORCED PEDESTAL

PLAIN CONCRETE PEDESTALS AND FOOTINGS

REFERENCE

Example 22.1—Design for Base Area of Footing

Example 22.2—Design for Depth of Footing

Example 22.3—Design for Footing Reinforcement

Example 22.4—Design for Transfer of Force at Base of Column

Example 22.5—Design for Transfer of Force by Reinforcement

Example 22.6—Design for Transfer of Horizontal Force at Base of Column

Example 22.7—Design for Depth of Footing on Piles

23 Precast Concrete

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

16.2 GENERAL

16.3 DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES AMONG MEMBERS

16.4 MEMBER DESIGN

16.5 STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY

16.6 CONNECTION AND BEARING DESIGN

16.7 ITEMS EMBEDDED AFTER CONCRETE PLACEMENT

16.8 MARKING AND IDENTIFICATION

16.9 HANDLING

16.10 STRENGTH EVALUATION OF PRECAST CONSTRUCTION

REFERENCES

Example 23.1—Load Distribution in Double Tees

24 Prestressed Concrete — Flexure

UPDATE FOR THE ’05 CODE

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

PRESTRESSING MATERIALS

NOTATION AND TERMINOLOGy

18.2 GENERAL

18.3 DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS

18.4 SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS — FLEXURAL MEMBERS

18.5 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN PRESTRESSING TENDONS

18.6 LOSS OF PRESTRESS

ESTIMATING PRESTRESS LOSSES

COMPUTATION OF LOSSES

Elastic Shortening of Concrete (ES)

Creep of Concrete (CR)

Shrinkage of Concrete (SH)

Relaxation of Tendons (RE)

Friction

SUMMARY OF NOTATION

18.7 FLEXURAL STRENGTH

18.8 LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

18.9 MINIMUM BONDED REINFORCEMENT

18.10.4 Redistribution of Negative Moments in Continuous Prestressed Flexural Memebers

18.11 COMPRESSION MEMBERS — COMBINED FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS

REFERENCES

Example 24.1—Estimating Prestress Losses

Example 24.2—Investigation of Stresses at Prestress Transfer and at Service Load

Example 24.3—Flexural Strength of Prestressed Member

Using Approximate Value for fps

Example 24.4—Flexural Strength of Prestressed Member

Based on Strain Compatibility

Example 24.5—Tension-Controlled Limit for Prestressed Flexural Member

Example 24.6—Cracking Moment Strength and Minimum Reinforcement Limit for Non-composite Prestressed Member

Example 24.7—Cracking Moment Strength and Minimum Reinforcement

Limit for Composite Prestressed Member

Example 24.8—Prestressed Compression Member

Example 24.9—Cracked Section Design When Tension Exceeds 12

'c f .24-36

25 Prestressed Concrete Shear

UPDATE FOR THE ’05 CODE

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Web Shear

Flexure-Shear in Prestressed Concrete

11.1 SHEAR STRENGTH FOR PRESTRESSED MEMBERS

11.1.2 Concrete Strength

11.1.3 Location for Computing Maximum Factored Shear

11.2 LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE

11.4 SHEAR STRENGTH PROVIDED BY CONCRETE

FOR PRESTRESSED MEMBERS

11.4.1 NOTATION

11.4.2 Simplified Method

11.4.3 Detailed Method

11.4.4, 11.4.5 Special Considerations for Pretensioned Members

11.5 SHEAR STRENGTH PROVIDED BY SHEAR REINFORCEMENT FOR

PRESTRESSED MEMBERS

REFERENCE

Example 25.1—Design for Shear (11.4.1)

Example 25.2—Shear Design Using Fig. 25-4

Example 25.3—Design for Shear (11.4.2)

26 Prestressed Slab Systems

UPDATE FOR THE ’05 CODE

INTRODUCTION

11.12.2 Shear Strength

11.12.6 Shear Strength with Moment Transfer

18.3.3 Permissible Flexural Tensile Stresses

18.4.2 Permissible Flexural Compressive Stresses

18.7.2 fps for Unbonded Tendons

18.12 SLAB SYSTEMS

REFERENCES

Example 26.1—Two-Way Prestressed Slab System

27 Shells and Folded Plate Members

INTRODUCTION

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

19.2 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

19.2.6 Prestressed Shells

19.2.7 Design Method

19.4 SHELL REINFORCEMENT

19.4.6 Membrane Reinforcement

19.4.8 Concentration of Reinforcement

19.4.10 Spacing of Reinforcement

28 Strength Evaluation of Existing Structures

INTRODUCTION

20.1 STRENGTH EVALUATION - GENERAL

20.2 DETERMINATION OF REQUIRED DIMENSIONS AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES

20.3 LOAD TEST PROCEDURE

20.5 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

20.6 PROVISION FOR LOWER LOAD RATING

20.7 SAFETY

REFERENCES

29 Special Provisions for Seismic Design

UPDATE FOR THE ’05 CODE

BACKGROUND

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

21.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

21.2.1 Scope

21.2.2 Analysis and Proportioning of Structural Members

21.2.3 Strength Reduction Factors

21.2.4, 21.2.5 Limitations on Materials.

21.2.6 Mechanical Splices

21.2.7 Welded Splices

21.2.8 Anchoring to Concrete

21.3 FLEXURAL MEMBERS OF SPECIAL MOMENT FRAMES

21.3.1 Scope

21.3.2 Flexural Reinforcement

21.3.3 Transverse Reinforcement

21.3.4 Shear Strength Requirements

21.4 SPECIAL MOMENT FRAME MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO BENDING

AND AXIAL LOAD

21.4.1 Scope

21.4.2 Minimum Flexural Strength of Columns

21.4.3 Longitudinal Reinforcement

21.4.4 Transverse Reinforcement

21.4.5 Shear Strength Requirements

21.5 JOINTS OF SPECIAL MOMENT FRAMES

21.5.2 Transverse Reinforcement

21.5.3 Shear Strength

21.5.4 Development Length of Bars in Tension

21.6 SPECIAL MOMENT FRAMES CONSTRUCTED USING PRECAST CONCRETE

21.6.1 Special Moment Frames with Ductile Connections

21.6.2 Special Moment Frames with Strong Connections

21.6.3 Non-emulative Design

21.7 SPECIAL REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL WALLS AND

COUPLING BEAMS

21.7.2 Reinforcement

21.7.3 Design Forces

21.7.4 Shear Strength

21.7.5 Design for Flexural and Axial Loads

21.7.6 Boundary Elements of Special Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls

21.7.7 Coupling Beams

21.8 SPECIAL STRUCTURAL WALLS CONSTRUCTED USING PRECAST CONCRETE

21.9 STRUCTURAL DIAPHRAGMS AND TRUSSES.

21.9.5 Reinforcement

21.9.7 Shear Strength

21.9.8 Boundary Elements of Structural Diaphragms

21.10 FOUNDATIONS

21.10.3 Grade Beams and Slabs on Grade

21.10.4 Piles, Piers, and Caissons

21.11 FRAME MEMBERS NOT PROPORTIONED TO RESIST FORCES INDUCED BY EARTHQUAKE MOTIONS

21.12 REQUIREMENTS FOR INTERMEDIATE MOMENT FRAMES

21.13 INTERMEDIATE PRECASAT STRUCTURAL WALLS

REFERENCES

Example 29.1—Design of a 12-Story Cast-in-Place

Frame-Shearwall Building and its Components

Example 29.2—Proportioning and Detailing of Flexural Members

of Building in Example 29.1

Example 29.3—Proportioning and Detailing of Columns of Building in Example 29.1

Example 29.4—Proportioning and Detailing of Exterior Beam-Column

Connection of Building in Example 29.1

Example 29.5—Proportioning and Detailing of Interior Beam-Column

Connection of Building in Example 29.1

Example 29.6—Proportioning and Detailing of Structural Wall of Building

In Example 29.1.

Example 29.7—Design of 12-Story Precast Frame Building using Strong Connections

Example 29.8—Design of Slab Column Connections According to 21.11.5

30 Structural Plain Concrete

BACKGROUND

22.1, 22.2 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

22.3 JOINTS

22.4 DESIGN METHOD

22.5 STRENGTH DESIGN

22.6 WALLS

22.6.5 Empirical Design Method

22.6.3 Combined Flexure and Axial Load

Comparison of the Two Methods

22.7 FOOTINGS

22.8 PEDESTALS

22.10 PLAIN CONCRETE IN EARTHQUAKE-RESISTING STRUCTURES

REFERENCES

APPENDIX 30A

Example 30.1—Design of Plain Concrete Footing and Pedestal

Example 30.2—Design of Plain Concrete Basement Wall

31 Alternate (Working Stress) Design Method

INTRODUCTION

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

COMPARISON OF WORKING STRESS DESIGN WITH STRENGTH DESIGN

SCOPE (A.1 OF ’99 CODE)

GENERAL (A.2 OF ’99 CODE)

PERMISSIBLE SERVICE LOAD STRESSES (A.3 of ’99 CODE)

FLEXURE (A.5 OF ’99 CODE)

DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR FLEXURE

SHEAR AND TORSION (A.7 OF ’99 CODE)

REFERENCES

Example 31.1—Design of Rectangular Beam with Tension Reinforcement Only

32 Alternative Provisions for Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete

Flexural and Compression Members

B.1 SCOPE

B.8.4 REDISTRIBUTION OF NEGATIVE MOMENTS IN

CONTINUOUS NONPRESTRESSED FLEXURAL MEMBERS

B.10.3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND REQUIREMENTS –

NONPRESTRESSED MEMBERS

B.18.1 SCOPE-PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

B.18.8 LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT OF PRESTRESSED FLEXURAL MEMBERS

B.18.10.4 REDISTRIBUTION OF NEGATIVE MOMENTS IN CONTINUOUS

PRESTRESSED FLEXURAL MEMBERS

33 Alternative Load and Strength Reduction Factors

C.1 GENERAL

C.2 REQUIRED STRENGTH

C.3 DESIGN STRENGTH

34 Anchoring to Concrete

UPDATE FOR THE ’05 CODE

INTRODUCTION

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DESIGN METHODS

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

DISCUSSION OF DESIGN PROVISIONS

D.1 DEFINITIONS

D.2 Scope

D.3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

D.4 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR STRENGTH OF ANCHORAGE

D.5 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR TENSILE LOADING

D.5.1 Steel Strength of Anchor in Tension

D.5.2 Concrete Breakout Strength of Anchor in Tension

D.5.3 Pullout Strength of Anchor in Tension

D.5.4 Concrete Side-Face Blowout Strength of Headed Anchor in Tension

D.6 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SHEAR LOADING .

D.6.1 Steel Strength of Anchor in Shear

D.6.2 Concrete Breakout Strength of Anchor in Shear

D.6.3 Concrete Pryout Strength of Anchor in Shear

D.7 INTERACTION OF TENSILE AND SHEAR FORCES .

D.8 REQUIRED EDGE DISTANCES, SPACING, AND THICKNESSES

TO PRECLUDE SPLITTING FAILURE

D.9 INSTALATION OF ANCHORS

DESIGN TABLES FOR SINGLE CAST-IN ANCHORS

NOTES FOR TENSION TABLES 34-5A, B AND C

NOTES FOR SHEAR TABLES 34-6A, B AND C

Example 34.1—Single Headed Bolt in Tension Away from Edges

Example 34.2—Group of Headed Studs in Tension Near an Edge

Example 34.3—Group of Headed Studs in Tension Near an Edge with Eccentricity

Example 34.4—Single Headed Bolt in Shear Near an Edge

Example 34.5—Single Headed Bolt in Tension and Shear Near an Edge

Example 34.6—Group of L-Bolts in Tension and Shear Near Two Edges

Example 34.7—Group of Headed Bolts in Moment and Shear Near an

Edge in a Region of Moderate or High Seismic Risk

Example 34.8—Single Post-Installed Anchor in Tension and Shear Away from Edges