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350/350R-01
Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures and Commentary

2001, 387 pp.

$156.50


The code portion of this document covers the structural design, materials selection, and construction of environmental engineering concrete structures. Such structures are used for conveying, storing, or treating liquid, wastewater, or other materials, such as solid waste. They include ancillary structures for dams, spillways, and channels.

They are subject to uniquely different loadings, more severe exposure conditions and more restrictive serviceability requirements than normal building structures.

Loadings include normal dead and live loads and vibrating equipment or hydrodynamic forces. Exposures include concentrated chemicals, alternate wetting and drying, and freezing and thawing of saturated concrete. Serviceability requirements include liquid-tightness or gas-tightness.

Typical structures include conveyance, storage, and treatment structures.

Proper design, materials, and construction of environmental engineering concrete structures are required to produce serviceable concrete that is dense, durable, nearly impermeable, resistant to chemicals, with limited deflections and cracking. Leakage must be controlled to minimize contamination of ground water or the environment, to minimize loss of product or infiltration, and to promote durability.

This code presents new material as well as modified portions of the ACI 318-95 Building Code that are applicable to environmental engineering concrete structures.

Because ACI 350-01 is written as a legal document, it may be adopted by reference in a general building code or in regulations governing the design and construction of environmental engineering concrete structures. Thus it cannot present background details or suggestions for carrying out its requirements or intent. It is the function of the commentary to fill this need.

The commentary discusses some of the considerations of the committee in developing the ACI 350 Code, and its relationship with ACI 318. Emphasis is given to the explanation of provisions that may be unfamiliar to some code users. References to much of the research data referred to in preparing the code are given for those who wish to study certain requirements in greater detail.

The chapter and section numbering of the code are followed throughout the commentary.

Among the subjects covered are: permits, drawings and specifications, inspections, materials, concrete quality, mixing and placing, forming, embedded pipes, construction joints, reinforcement details, analysis and design, strength and serviceability, flexural and axial loads, shear and torsion, development of reinforcement, slab systems, walls, footings, precast concrete, prestressed concrete, shell structures, folded plate members, provisions for seismic design, and an alternate design method in Appendix A.

The quality and testing of materials used in the construction are covered by reference to the appropriate standard specifications. Welding of reinforcement is covered by reference to the appropriate AWS standard. Criteria for liquid-tightness testing may be found in 350.1 and 350.1R.-803-

Contents:
Part 1 - General


Chapter 1 - General Requirements

1.1 - Scope

1.2 - Drawings and specifications

1.3 - Inspection

1.4 - Approval of special systems of design or construction


Chapter 2 - Definitions


Part 2 - Standards for Tests and Materials


Chapter 3 - Materials

3.0 - Notation

3.1 - Tests of materials

3.2 - Cements

3.3 - Aggregates

3.4 - Water

3.5 - Steel Reinforcement

3.6 - Admixtures

3.7 - Storage of materials

3.8 - Standards cited in this code


Part 3 - Construction Requirements


Chapter 4-Durability Requirements

4.0 - Notation

4.1 - Water-cementious materials ratio

4.2 - Freezing and thawing exposures

4.3 - Sulfate exposures

4.4 - Corrosion protection of metals

4.5 - Chemical effects

4.6 - Protection against erosion

4.7 - Coatings and liners

4.8 - Joints


Chapter 5-Concrete Quality, Mixing, and Placing

5.0 - Notation

5.1 - General

5.2 - Selection of concrete proportions

5.3 - Proportioning on the basis of field experience and/or trial mixtures

5.4 - Not used

5.5 - Average strength reduction

5.6 - Evaluation and acceptance of concrete

5.7 - Preparation of equipment and place of deposit

5.8 - Mixing

5.9 - Conveying

5.10 - Depositing

5.11 - Curing

5.12 - Cold weather requirements

5.13 - Hot weather requirements


Chapter 6 - Formwork, Embedded Pipes, and Construction and Movement

Joints

6.1 - Design of formwork

6.2 - Removal of forms, shores, and restoring

6.3 - Conduits and pipes embedded in concrete

6.4 - Construction joints

6.5 - Movement joints


Chapter 7 - Details of Reinforcement

7.0 - Notation

7.1 - Standard hooks

7.2 - Minimum bend diameters

7.3 - Bending

7.4 - Surface conditions of reinforcement

7.5 - Placing reinforcement

7.6 - Spacing limits for reinforcement

7.7 - Concrete protection for reinforcement

7.8 - Special reinforcement details for columns

7.9 - Connections

7.10 - Lateral reinforcement for compression members

7.11 - Lateral reinforcement for flexural members

7.12 - Shrinkage and temperature

7.13 - Requirements for structural integrity


Part 4 - General Requirements

Chapter 8 - Analysis and Design - General Considerations

8.0 - Notation

8.1 - Design methods

8.2 - Loading

8.3 - Methods of analysis

8.4 - Redistribution of negative moments

8.5 - Modulus of Elasticity

8.6 - Stiffness

8.7 - Span length

8.8 - Columns

8.9 - Arrangement of live load

8.10 - T-beam construction

8.11 - Joist construction

8.12 - Separate floor finish

Chapter 9 - Strength and Serviceability

9.0 - Notation

9.1 - General

9.2 - Required strength

9.3 - Desing strength

9.4 - Desing strength for reinforcement

9.5 - Control of deflections

Chapter 10 - Flexure and Axial Loads

10.0 - Notation

10.1 - Scope

10.2 - Design assumptions

10.3 - General principals and requirements

10.4 - Distance between lateral supports of flexural members

10.5 - Minimum reinforcement of flexural members

10.6 - Distribution of flexural reinforcement in beams and one-way slabs

10.7 - Deep flexural members

10.8 - Design dimensions for compression members

10.9 - Limits for reinforcement of compression members

10.10 - Slenderness effects in compression members

10.11 - Magnified moments - General

10.12 - Magnified moments - Non-sway frames

10.13 - Magnified moments - Sway frames

10.14 - Axially loaded members supporting slab system

10.15 - Transmission of column loads through floor system

10.16 - Composite compression members

10.17 - Bearing strength


Chapter 11 - Shear and Torsion

11.0 - Notation

11.1 - Shear strength

11.2 - Lightweight concrete

11.3 - Shear strength provided by concrete for nonprestressed members

11.4 - Shear strength provided by concrete for prestressed members

11.5 - Shear strength provided by shear reinforcement

11.6 - Design for torsion

11.7 - Shear-friction

11.8 - Special provisions for deep flexural members

11.9 - Special provisions for brackets and corbels

11.10 - Special provisions for walls

11.11 - Transfer of moments to columns

11.12 - Special provisions for slabs and footings


Chapter 12 - Development and Splices of Reinforcement

12.0 - Notation

12.1 - Development of reinforcement - General

12.2 - Development of deformed bars and deformed wire in tension

12.3 - Development of deformed bars in compression

12.4 - Development of bundled bars

12.5 - Development of standard hooks in tension

12.6 - Mechanical anchorage

12.7 - Development of welded deformed wire fabric in tension

12.8 - Development of welded plain wire fabric in tension

12.9 - Development of prestressing strand

12.10 - Development of flexural reinforcement - General

12.11 - Development of positive moment reinforcement

12.12 - Development of negative moment reinforcement

12.13 - Development of web reinforcement

12.14 - Splices of reinforcement - General

12.15 - Splices of deformed bars and deformed wire in tension

12.16 - Splices of deformed bars in compression

12.17 - Special splice requirements for columns

12.18 - Splices of welded deformed wire fabric in tension

12.19 - Splices of welded plain wire fabric in tension


Part 5 - Structural Systems or Elements


Chapter 13 - Two-Way Slab Systems

13.0 - Notation

13.1 - Scope

13.2 - Definitions

13.3 - Slab Reinforcement

13.4 - Openings in slab systems

13.5 - Design procedures

13.6 - Direct design method

13.7 - Equivalent frame method


Chapter 14 - Walls

14.0 - Notation

14.1 - Scope

14.2 - General

14.3 - Minimum reinforcement

14.4 - Walls designed as compression members

14.5 - Empirical design methods

14.6 - Minimum wall thickness

14.7 - Walls as grade beams


Chapter 15 - Footings

15.0 - Notation

15.1 - Scope

15.2 - Loads and reactions

15.3 - Footings supporting circular or regular polygon shaped columns

or pedestals

15.4 - Moment in footings

15.5 - Shear in footings

15.6 - Development of reinforcement in footings

15.7 - Minimum footing depth

15.8 - Transfer of force at base of column, wall, or reinforced pedestal

15.9 - Sloped or stepped footings

15.10 - Combined footings and mats


Chapter 16 - Precast Concrete

16.0 - Notation

16.1 - Scope

16.2 - General

16.3 - Distribution of forces among members

16.4 - Member desing

16.5 - Structural integrity

16.6 - Connection and bearing design

16.7 - Items embedded after concrete placement

16.8 - Marking and identification

16.9 - Handling

16.10 - Strength evaluation of precast construction


Chapter 17 - Composite Concrete Flexural Members

17.0 - Notation

17.1 - Scope

17.2 - General

17.3 - Shoring

17.4 - Vertical shear strength

17.5 - Horizontal shear strength

17.6 - Ties for horizontal shear


Chapter 18 - Prestressed Concrete

18.0 - Notation

18.1 - Scope

18.2 - General

18.3 - Design assumptions

18.4 - Permissible stresses in concrete - Flexural members

18.5 - Permissible stresses in prestressing tendons

18.6 - Loss of prestress

18.7 - Flexural strength

18.8 - Limits for reinforcement of flexural members

18.9 - Minimum bonded reinforcement

18.10 - Statically indeterminate structures

18.11 - Compression members-Combined flexure and axial loads

18.12 - Slab systems

18.13 - Tendon anchorage zones

18.14 - Corrosion protection for unbonded prestressing tendons

18.15 - Post-tensioning ducts

18.16 - Grout for bonded prestressing tendons

18.17 - Protection for prestressing tendons

18.18 - Application and measurement of prestressing force

18.19 - Post-tensioning anchorages and couplers


Chapter 19 - Shells and Folded Plate Members

19.0 - Notation

19.1 - Scope and definitions

19.2 - Analysis and design

19.3 - Desing strength of materials

19.4 - Shell reinforcement

19.5 - Construction


Part 6 - Special Considerations


Chapter 20 - Strength Evaluation of Existing Structures

20.0 - Notation

20.1 - Strength evaluation-General

20.2 - Determination of required dimensions and materials properties

20.3 - Load test procedures

20.4 - Loading criteria

20.5 - Acceptance criteria

20.6 - Provision for lower load rating

20.7 - Safety


Chapter 21 - Special Provisions for Seismic Design

21.0 - Notation

21.1 - Definitions

21.2 - General requirements

21.3 - Flexural members of frames

21.4 - Frame members subjected to bending and axial load

21.5 - Joints of frames

21.6 - Structural walls, diaphragms, and trusses

21.7 - frame members not proportioned to resist forces induced by

earthquake motions

21.8 - Requirements for frames in regions of moderate seismic risk


Part 7 - Structural Plain Concrete


Chapter 22 - Structural Plain Concrete


Commentary References


Appendices


Appendix A - Alternate Design Method

Appendix B - Not Used

Appendix C - Not Used

Appendix D - Notation

Appendix E - Metal Reinforcement Information

Appendix F - Circular Wire and Strand Wrapped Prestressed Concrete

Environmental Structures

Appendix G - Slabs on Soil


Index

ACI