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350/350R-01
The code portion of this document covers the structural design, materials selection, and construction of environmental engineering concrete structures. Such structures are used for conveying, storing, or treating liquid, wastewater, or other materials, such as solid waste. They include ancillary structures for dams, spillways, and channels. They are subject to uniquely different loadings, more severe exposure conditions and more restrictive serviceability requirements than normal building structures. Loadings include normal dead and live loads and vibrating equipment or hydrodynamic forces. Exposures include concentrated chemicals, alternate wetting and drying, and freezing and thawing of saturated concrete. Serviceability requirements include liquid-tightness or gas-tightness. Typical structures include conveyance, storage, and treatment structures. Proper design, materials, and construction of environmental engineering concrete structures are required to produce serviceable concrete that is dense, durable, nearly impermeable, resistant to chemicals, with limited deflections and cracking. Leakage must be controlled to minimize contamination of ground water or the environment, to minimize loss of product or infiltration, and to promote durability. This code presents new material as well as modified portions of the ACI 318-95 Building Code that are applicable to environmental engineering concrete structures. Because ACI 350-01 is written as a legal document, it may be adopted by reference in a general building code or in regulations governing the design and construction of environmental engineering concrete structures. Thus it cannot present background details or suggestions for carrying out its requirements or intent. It is the function of the commentary to fill this need. The commentary discusses some of the considerations of the committee in developing the ACI 350 Code, and its relationship with ACI 318. Emphasis is given to the explanation of provisions that may be unfamiliar to some code users. References to much of the research data referred to in preparing the code are given for those who wish to study certain requirements in greater detail. The chapter and section numbering of the code are followed throughout the commentary. Among the subjects covered are: permits, drawings and specifications, inspections, materials, concrete quality, mixing and placing, forming, embedded pipes, construction joints, reinforcement details, analysis and design, strength and serviceability, flexural and axial loads, shear and torsion, development of reinforcement, slab systems, walls, footings, precast concrete, prestressed concrete, shell structures, folded plate members, provisions for seismic design, and an alternate design method in Appendix A. The quality and testing of materials used in the construction are covered by reference to the appropriate standard specifications. Welding of reinforcement is covered by reference to the appropriate AWS standard. Criteria for liquid-tightness testing may be found in 350.1 and 350.1R.-803- Contents:
1.1 - Scope 1.2 - Drawings and specifications 1.3 - Inspection 1.4 - Approval of special systems of design or construction
3.0 - Notation 3.1 - Tests of materials 3.2 - Cements 3.3 - Aggregates 3.4 - Water 3.5 - Steel Reinforcement 3.6 - Admixtures 3.7 - Storage of materials 3.8 - Standards cited in this code
4.0 - Notation 4.1 - Water-cementious materials ratio 4.2 - Freezing and thawing exposures 4.3 - Sulfate exposures 4.4 - Corrosion protection of metals 4.5 - Chemical effects 4.6 - Protection against erosion 4.7 - Coatings and liners 4.8 - Joints
5.0 - Notation 5.1 - General 5.2 - Selection of concrete proportions 5.3 - Proportioning on the basis of field experience and/or trial mixtures 5.4 - Not used 5.5 - Average strength reduction 5.6 - Evaluation and acceptance of concrete 5.7 - Preparation of equipment and place of deposit 5.8 - Mixing 5.9 - Conveying 5.10 - Depositing 5.11 - Curing 5.12 - Cold weather requirements 5.13 - Hot weather requirements
Joints 6.1 - Design of formwork 6.2 - Removal of forms, shores, and restoring 6.3 - Conduits and pipes embedded in concrete 6.4 - Construction joints 6.5 - Movement joints
7.0 - Notation 7.1 - Standard hooks 7.2 - Minimum bend diameters 7.3 - Bending 7.4 - Surface conditions of reinforcement 7.5 - Placing reinforcement 7.6 - Spacing limits for reinforcement 7.7 - Concrete protection for reinforcement 7.8 - Special reinforcement details for columns 7.9 - Connections 7.10 - Lateral reinforcement for compression members 7.11 - Lateral reinforcement for flexural members 7.12 - Shrinkage and temperature 7.13 - Requirements for structural integrity
Chapter 8 - Analysis and Design - General Considerations 8.0 - Notation 8.1 - Design methods 8.2 - Loading 8.3 - Methods of analysis 8.4 - Redistribution of negative moments 8.5 - Modulus of Elasticity 8.6 - Stiffness 8.7 - Span length 8.8 - Columns 8.9 - Arrangement of live load 8.10 - T-beam construction 8.11 - Joist construction 8.12 - Separate floor finish Chapter 9 - Strength and Serviceability 9.0 - Notation 9.1 - General 9.2 - Required strength 9.3 - Desing strength 9.4 - Desing strength for reinforcement 9.5 - Control of deflections Chapter 10 - Flexure and Axial Loads 10.0 - Notation 10.1 - Scope 10.2 - Design assumptions 10.3 - General principals and requirements 10.4 - Distance between lateral supports of flexural members 10.5 - Minimum reinforcement of flexural members 10.6 - Distribution of flexural reinforcement in beams and one-way slabs 10.7 - Deep flexural members 10.8 - Design dimensions for compression members 10.9 - Limits for reinforcement of compression members 10.10 - Slenderness effects in compression members 10.11 - Magnified moments - General 10.12 - Magnified moments - Non-sway frames 10.13 - Magnified moments - Sway frames 10.14 - Axially loaded members supporting slab system 10.15 - Transmission of column loads through floor system 10.16 - Composite compression members 10.17 - Bearing strength
11.0 - Notation 11.1 - Shear strength 11.2 - Lightweight concrete 11.3 - Shear strength provided by concrete for nonprestressed members 11.4 - Shear strength provided by concrete for prestressed members 11.5 - Shear strength provided by shear reinforcement 11.6 - Design for torsion 11.7 - Shear-friction 11.8 - Special provisions for deep flexural members 11.9 - Special provisions for brackets and corbels 11.10 - Special provisions for walls 11.11 - Transfer of moments to columns 11.12 - Special provisions for slabs and footings
12.0 - Notation 12.1 - Development of reinforcement - General 12.2 - Development of deformed bars and deformed wire in tension 12.3 - Development of deformed bars in compression 12.4 - Development of bundled bars 12.5 - Development of standard hooks in tension 12.6 - Mechanical anchorage 12.7 - Development of welded deformed wire fabric in tension 12.8 - Development of welded plain wire fabric in tension 12.9 - Development of prestressing strand 12.10 - Development of flexural reinforcement - General 12.11 - Development of positive moment reinforcement 12.12 - Development of negative moment reinforcement 12.13 - Development of web reinforcement 12.14 - Splices of reinforcement - General 12.15 - Splices of deformed bars and deformed wire in tension 12.16 - Splices of deformed bars in compression 12.17 - Special splice requirements for columns 12.18 - Splices of welded deformed wire fabric in tension 12.19 - Splices of welded plain wire fabric in tension
13.0 - Notation 13.1 - Scope 13.2 - Definitions 13.3 - Slab Reinforcement 13.4 - Openings in slab systems 13.5 - Design procedures 13.6 - Direct design method 13.7 - Equivalent frame method
14.0 - Notation 14.1 - Scope 14.2 - General 14.3 - Minimum reinforcement 14.4 - Walls designed as compression members 14.5 - Empirical design methods 14.6 - Minimum wall thickness 14.7 - Walls as grade beams
15.0 - Notation 15.1 - Scope 15.2 - Loads and reactions 15.3 - Footings supporting circular or regular polygon shaped columns or pedestals 15.4 - Moment in footings 15.5 - Shear in footings 15.6 - Development of reinforcement in footings 15.7 - Minimum footing depth 15.8 - Transfer of force at base of column, wall, or reinforced pedestal 15.9 - Sloped or stepped footings 15.10 - Combined footings and mats
16.0 - Notation 16.1 - Scope 16.2 - General 16.3 - Distribution of forces among members 16.4 - Member desing 16.5 - Structural integrity 16.6 - Connection and bearing design 16.7 - Items embedded after concrete placement 16.8 - Marking and identification 16.9 - Handling 16.10 - Strength evaluation of precast construction
17.0 - Notation 17.1 - Scope 17.2 - General 17.3 - Shoring 17.4 - Vertical shear strength 17.5 - Horizontal shear strength 17.6 - Ties for horizontal shear
18.0 - Notation 18.1 - Scope 18.2 - General 18.3 - Design assumptions 18.4 - Permissible stresses in concrete - Flexural members 18.5 - Permissible stresses in prestressing tendons 18.6 - Loss of prestress 18.7 - Flexural strength 18.8 - Limits for reinforcement of flexural members 18.9 - Minimum bonded reinforcement 18.10 - Statically indeterminate structures 18.11 - Compression members-Combined flexure and axial loads 18.12 - Slab systems 18.13 - Tendon anchorage zones 18.14 - Corrosion protection for unbonded prestressing tendons 18.15 - Post-tensioning ducts 18.16 - Grout for bonded prestressing tendons 18.17 - Protection for prestressing tendons 18.18 - Application and measurement of prestressing force 18.19 - Post-tensioning anchorages and couplers
19.0 - Notation 19.1 - Scope and definitions 19.2 - Analysis and design 19.3 - Desing strength of materials 19.4 - Shell reinforcement 19.5 - Construction
20.0 - Notation 20.1 - Strength evaluation-General 20.2 - Determination of required dimensions and materials properties 20.3 - Load test procedures 20.4 - Loading criteria 20.5 - Acceptance criteria 20.6 - Provision for lower load rating 20.7 - Safety
21.0 - Notation 21.1 - Definitions 21.2 - General requirements 21.3 - Flexural members of frames 21.4 - Frame members subjected to bending and axial load 21.5 - Joints of frames 21.6 - Structural walls, diaphragms, and trusses 21.7 - frame members not proportioned to resist forces induced by earthquake motions 21.8 - Requirements for frames in regions of moderate seismic risk
Appendix B - Not Used Appendix C - Not Used Appendix D - Notation Appendix E - Metal Reinforcement Information Appendix F - Circular Wire and Strand Wrapped Prestressed Concrete Environmental Structures Appendix G - Slabs on Soil
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